zoologistshavelong（zoologistshavelongzoo）

本文目录一览：

• 1、科普英语的内容?

• 2、袋鼠的英文介绍还要翻译

• 3、一篇150字左右的英语作文

• 4、关于一篇 Animais 的英语作文

• 5、初三英语语法时态结构

• 6、"人物介绍"英语怎么说

科普英语的内容?

暗银河系的发现及其科学意义

In addition to conventional galaxies, the universe contains very dim galaxies that until recently went unnoticed by astronomers. Possibly as numerous as conventional galaxies, these galaxies have the same general shape and even the same approximate number of stars as a common type of conventional galaxy, the spiral, but tend to be much larger. Because these galaxies ’mass is spread out over larger areas, they have far fewer stars per unit volume than do conventional galaxies. Apparently these low-surface-brightness galaxies, as they are called, take much longer than conventional galaxies to condense their primordial gas and convert it to stars—that is, they evolve much more slowly.

These galaxies may constitute an answer to the long-standing puzzle of the missing

baryonic mass in the universe. Baryons—subatomic particles亚原子粒子 that are generally protons or neutrons—are the source of stellar, and therefore galactic, luminosity, and so their numbers can be estimated based on how luminous galaxies are. However, the amount of helium in the universe, as measured by spectroscopy光谱学, suggests that there are far more baryons in the universe than estimates based on galactic luminosity indicate. Astronomers have long speculated that the missing baryonic mass might eventually

be discovered in intergalactic space星系际的空间 or as some large population of galaxies that are difficult to detect.

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另类海豹哺乳方式与众不同

Until recently, zoologists believed that all species of phocids (true seals), a pinnipped family, use a different maternal strategy than do otariids (fur seals and

sea lions), another pinniped family. Mother otariids use a foraging strategy. They acquire moderate energy stores in the form of blubber before arriving at breeding sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation (milk production) period, which lasts from 4 months to 3 years depending on the species, mother otariids alternately forage at sea, where they replenish their fat stores, and nurse their young at breeding sites. Zoologists had assumed that females of all phocids species, by contrast,

use a fasting strategy in which mother phocids, having accumulated large energy

stores before they arrive at breeding sites, fast throughout the entire lactation period, which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending on the species. However, recent studies on

harbor seals, a phocids species, found that lactating females commenced foraging

approximately 6 days after giving birth and on average made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24-day lactation period.

The maternal strategy evolved by harbor seals may have to do with their small size and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation. Harbor seals are small compared with other phocids species such as grey seals, all of which are known to fast for the entire lactation period. Studies show that mother seals of these species use respectively 84 percent, 58 percent, and 33 percent of their fat stores during lactation. By comparison, harbor seals use 80 percent of their fat stores in just the first 19 days of lactation, even though they occasionally feed during this period. Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smaller

than many other phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most otariids. In addition,

there is already some evidence suggesting that the ringed seal, a phocids species that

is similar in size to the harbor seal, may also use a maternal foraging strategy.

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pheromones是什么东东，是不是该划为odorant

There is no consensus among researchers regarding what qualifies a substance as a pheromone. While most agree on a basic definition of pheromones as chemicals released by one individual of a species which, when detected by another individual of the same species, elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response, some researchers also specify that the response to pheromones must be unconscious. In addition, the distinction

between pheromones and odorants—chemicals that are consciously detected as odors---can be blurry, and some researchers classify pheromones as atype of odorant. Evidence that pheromone responses may not involve conscious odor perception comes from the finding that in many species, pheromones are processed by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory) system, which uses a special structure in the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO),to receive chemical signals. The neural connections between the VNO and the brain are separate from those of the main olfactory system, whose processing of

odorants triggers sensations of smell. But while the VNO does process many animal

pheromone signals, not all animal pheromones work through the VNO. Conversely,

not all chemical signals transmitted via the VNO quality as pheromones. For example,

garter snakes detect a chemical signal from earthworms—one of their favorite foods—via

the VNO, and they use this signal to track their prey.

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袋鼠的英文介绍还要翻译

Kangaroos originated in the Australian continent and parts of Papua New Guinea. Among them, some species unique to Australia. All Australian kangaroo, zoo and wild, except in zoos, are living in the wild. Different types of kangaroos in Australia in a variety of natural life, from the cool climate of the rainforest and the desert plains to tropical areas.

Kangaroo is a herbivore, eating a variety of plants, fungi and some food. Most of their activities at night, but also some activities in the early morning or evening. Different types of kangaroos in a variety of natural life. For example, Lloyd Kangaroo Podolski will make their own nest and the tree kangaroos live in the bush. Large species like the tree kangaroo, the rock cracks and holes as shelter.

All kangaroos, no matter how much volume, there is one thing in common: with long hind legs strong and powerful bond. Kangaroo on the ground most of life, from their strong hind legs jumping way can easily be distinguished from other animals to. Used in the process of jumping kangaroo tail for balance when they move slowly, the tail may act as a fifth leg.

All female kangaroos have long ago opened bag of childcare and child rearing, there are four nipples pocket. "Young" or small kangaroo pockets in the dependent child up until they can survive in the outside world.

Kangaroo is Australia's unique mammals, mainly located in the Australian continent on the forest and grassland. Kangaroo is a plant-eating animals, hiding in the woods during the day and at night to eat grass and leaves outside. The image of the kangaroo is unique: forelimb short toe fingers Elephant Man, strong hind legs, long thick tail, kangaroo tail is a powerful tool, and they who are able to provide support for the kangaroo, kangaroo running can also change the direction of running. Kangaroo tail tapered at the end, the muscles are very strong, up to 1 meter in length. Kangaroo is the most famous living in the grasslands of the Red Kangaroo is the largest category of Kangaroo, the strongest person. Gray kangaroo is jumping experts can jump great distances. Australian gold, about 47 kinds of kangaroo, the kangaroo in the body length 23-250 cm. Kangaroo is not due to fear, so zoologists kangaroo animals in the study encounter trouble when the relatively much smaller. Although kangaroos are not light weight, and sometimes up to 70 kilograms, but their run at an alarming rate, up to 48 kilometers per hour, and they jump up to the first 13 meters away.

Kangaroos originated in the Australian continent and parts of Papua New Guinea. Among them, some species unique to Australia. All Australian kangaroo, zoo and wild, except in zoos, are living in the wild. Different types of kangaroos in Australia in a variety of natural life, from the cool climate of the rainforest and the desert plains to tropical areas.

Kangaroo is a herbivore, eating a variety of plants, fungi and some food. Most of their activities at night, but also some activities in the early morning or evening. Different types of kangaroos in a variety of natural life. For example, Lloyd Kangaroo Podolski will make their own nest and the tree kangaroos live in the bush. Large species like the tree kangaroo, the rock cracks and holes as shelter.

All kangaroos, no matter how much volume, there is one thing in common: with long hind legs strong and powerful bond. Kangaroo on the ground most of life, from their strong hind legs jumping way can easily be distinguished from other animals to. Used in the process of jumping kangaroo tail for balance when they move slowly, the tail may act as a fifth leg.

All female kangaroos have long ago opened bag of childcare and child rearing, there are four nipples pocket. "Young" or small kangaroo pockets in the dependent child up until they can survive in the outside world.

Kangaroo plans often as Australia's national identity, such as green kangaroo used to represent the Australian-made. Often appears kangaroo map the road in Australia, it is often near the Kangaroo said, especially pay attention to traffic at night.

Kangaroo is usually the main social, and sometimes up to hundreds. But there are also some lesser quality, such as kangaroos wallabies will be living alone.

Kangaroo will not walk, will jump, or in the front and back help before jumping off. Kangaroo is the night life of animals, usually in a few hours after the sun sets only to find out z food out in the sun back to the nest soon after.Kangaroo reproductive one or two each year, small kangaroo in both fertilized about 30-40 days of birth, very small, no vision, less hair, immediately after giving birth kept in the kangaroo mother care bags. 6-7 months until the beginning of a short period of time to leave the bags of life care. One year after the formal weaning can leave bags of conservation, it is still in the vicinity of the mother kangaroo, at any time for help and protection. Kangaroo mother can have a bag outside in a small kangaroo, a kangaroo in a small bag and a small kangaroo labor.

Run a small kangaroo from the ground near the green grass of the living grass and hay will be left to other animals. Individual types of kangaroo have teeth to eat the leaves or small tree.

The most famous is the red kangaroo kangaroo, the largest living in dry areas of Australia, the area's annual average rainfall of 500 mm. As the kangaroo food containing large amounts of water, so he is not running water in the region survive. Red Kangaroo is actually only the public and the red kangaroo, kangaroo mother to a blue gray.

袋鼠原产于澳大利亚大陆和巴布亚新几内亚的部分地区。其中，有些种类为澳大利亚独有。所有澳大利亚袋鼠，动物园和野生动物园里的除外，都在野地里生活。不同种类的袋鼠在澳大利亚各种不同的自然环境中生活，从凉性气候的雨林和沙漠平原到热带地区。

袋鼠是食草动物，吃多种植物，有的还吃真菌类。它们大多在夜间活动，但也有些在清晨或傍晚活动。不同种类的袋鼠在各种不同的自然环境中生活。比如，波多罗伊德袋鼠会给自己做巢而树袋鼠则生活在树丛中。大种袋鼠喜欢以树、洞穴和岩石裂缝作为遮蔽物。

所有袋鼠，不管体积多大，有一个共同点：长着长脚的后腿强键而有力。大多数袋鼠在地面生活，从它们强健的后腿跳越的方式很容易便能将其与其他动物区分开来。袋鼠在跳跃过程中用尾巴进行平衡，当它们缓慢走动时，尾巴则可作为第五条腿。

所有雌性袋鼠都长有前开的育儿袋，育儿袋里有四个乳头。“幼崽”或小袋鼠就在育儿袋里被抚养长大，直到它们能在外部世界生存。

袋鼠是澳大利亚独有的哺乳动物，主要分布在澳大利亚大陆的森林中和草原上。袋鼠是草食动物，白天躲在树林中，晚上则到外面吃草和树叶。袋鼠的形象很独特：前肢短小，趾象人的手指，后腿强壮，尾巴粗而长，袋鼠的尾巴是一种强有力的工具，它们平时可以为袋鼠提供支架，也可以在袋鼠奔跑时改变奔跑的方向。袋鼠的尾巴在末端逐渐变细，肌肉非常强健，长度可达1米。最著名的袋鼠是生活在草原上的红大袋鼠，是袋鼠类中最大的、最强壮者。灰袋鼠是跳跃能手，能跳很远的距离。澳大利亚金约有47种袋鼠，这些袋鼠的体长在23-250厘米以上。由于袋鼠并不怕人，因此动物学家在研究袋鼠类动物时所遇到的麻烦就相对少得多。尽管袋鼠的体重不轻，有时甚至达到70公斤，但它们的奔跑速度惊人，时速可达48公里，而它们一次跳跃可达13米远。

袋鼠原产于澳大利亚大陆和巴布亚新几内亚的部分地区。其中，有些种类为澳大利亚独有。所有澳大利亚袋鼠，动物园和野生动物园里的除外，都在野地里生活。不同种类的袋鼠在澳大利亚各种不同的自然环境中生活，从凉性气候的雨林和沙漠平原到热带地区。

袋鼠是食草动物，吃多种植物，有的还吃真菌类。它们大多在夜间活动，但也有些在清晨或傍晚活动。不同种类的袋鼠在各种不同的自然环境中生活。比如，波多罗伊德袋鼠会给自己做巢而树袋鼠则生活在树丛中。大种袋鼠喜欢以树、洞穴和岩石裂缝作为遮蔽物。

所有袋鼠，不管体积多大，有一个共同点：长着长脚的后腿强键而有力。大多数袋鼠在地面生活，从它们强健的后腿跳越的方式很容易便能将其与其他动物区分开来。袋鼠在跳跃过程中用尾巴进行平衡，当它们缓慢走动时，尾巴则可作为第五条腿。

所有雌性袋鼠都长有前开的育儿袋，育儿袋里有四个乳头。“幼崽”或小袋鼠就在育儿袋里被抚养长大，直到它们能在外部世界生存。

袋鼠图常作为澳大利亚国家的标识，如绿色袋鼠用来代表澳大利亚制造。袋鼠图还经常出现在澳大利亚公路上，那是表示附近常有袋鼠出现，特别是夜间行车要注意。

袋鼠通常以群居为主，有时可多达上百只。但也有些较小品质的袋鼠如wallabies会单独生活。

袋鼠不会行走，只会跳跃，或在前脚和后腿的帮助下奔跳前行。袋鼠属夜间生活的动物，通常在太阳下山后几个小时才出来寻食，而在太阳出来后不久就回巢。

袋鼠每年生殖一至二次，小袋鼠在受精 30-40 天左右既出生，非常微小，无视力，少毛，生下后立即存放在袋鼠妈妈的保育袋内。直到 6-7 个月才开始短时间地离开保育袋学习生活。一年后才能正式断奶，离开保育袋，但仍活动在妈妈袋鼠附近，随时获取帮助和保护。袋鼠妈妈可同时拥有一在袋外的小袋鼠,一在袋内的小袋鼠和一待产的小袋鼠.

袋鼠以矮小润绿离地面近的小草为生,将长草与干草留给其它动物。个别种类的袋鼠也吃树叶或小树牙。

最著名的袋鼠是红袋鼠，其体型最大，生活在澳大利亚干燥地带，其地带的年平均降雨量在 500毫米以下。由于袋鼠的食物含大量水分，所以他在没有活水的地区也能生存。红袋鼠实际上只有公袋鼠是红色的，母袋鼠为灰蓝色。

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我不知道你们现在5年级的水平（-，-） 你认为哪些你会 你就自己看吧

一篇150字左右的英语作文

Animal

Animals live everywhere. They roam the land. They burrow in the ground. They swim in the sea. They fly through the air. They creep, they leap, they soar, and they dive. A very few—including corals and barnacles—stay in one place.

Animals come in all sizes. The biggest animals are whales, which can be 100 feet (30 meters) long. The smallest animals can only be seen through a microscope.

Zoologists (scientists who study animals) have found more than 2 million species (kinds) of animals. They think they have discovered only a small portion of all animals on Earth.

Several things make animals different from other living things. Unlike plants, animals cannot make their own food. Animals eat other living things—plants and other animals—to get energy. Animal bodies are made up of more than one cell, unlike bacteria and other life forms with only one cell. Cells are the building blocks of living things. Animals also have senses, such as eyes or ears, that tell them what is going on around them.

WHAT KINDS OF ANIMALS ARE THERE?

Zoologists divide animals into about 30 groups. First, they divide them by whether they have a backbone. Animals that have a backbone are called vertebrates. Animals that do not have a backbone are called invertebrates.

The biggest and best-known animals are vertebrates. Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish are vertebrates. You are a vertebrate. Your backbone is also called your spine. There are about 40,000 species of vertebrates.

There are far more species of invertebrates. Even though you can probably think of many vertebrates, the many kinds of invertebrates greatly outnumber vertebrates. Almost all invertebrates are small animals. Insects, spiders, mollusks, and worms are all invertebrates. The biggest invertebrate is the giant squid. It can be up to 60 feet (18 meters) long.

COLD-BLOODED AND WARM-BLOODED ANIMALS

Zoologists divide vertebrates into two types, cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals. The body of a cold-blooded animal is the same temperature as the air or water around it. A cold-blooded animal has to stay in the sun to get warm. It must find shade to cool off. Reptiles, amphibians, and fish are cold-blooded.

The body of a warm-blooded animal stays about the same temperature all the time. Warm-blooded animals use food energy to stay warm. Some warm-blooded animals can sweat to cool off. Birds and mammals are warm-blooded.

You are warm-blooded. The normal temperature of your body stays at about 98.6° Fahrenheit (37.0° Celsius). When it is hot outside, you feel hot. You might sweat or look for an air-conditioned place. But your body temperature does not change. When it is cold outside, you feel cold. You might put on a coat or go indoors. But your body temperature does not change much.

PLANT EATERS AND MEAT EATERS

All animals eat plants, other animals, or the remains of dead animals. Animals that only eat plants are called herbivores. They eat seeds, nuts, grasses, stems, or flowers. Some mammals, such as cows, are plant eaters. Some insects, such as termites, only eat plants. Bees, moths, and butterflies suck nectar from flowers.

Animals that only eat meat are called carnivores. The meat can be from other living animals or animals that have died. Many meat eaters hunt the animals that they eat. Sharks go after smaller fish. Lions and wolves hunt deer and other mammals. Owls swoop down on rabbits, squirrels, rats, and mice. Some frogs and lizards zap insects with their sticky tongues. Hyenas and vultures mainly eat animals that are already dead.

Animals that commonly eat both animals and plants are called omnivores. Bears and opossums are omnivores. Humans are omnivores. They eat fruit, vegetables, fish, chicken, and steak.

HOW ANIMALS BREATHE

All animals must breathe oxygen to stay alive. They must breathe out a waste gas called carbon dioxide.

Some animals breathe through lungs. Lungs take oxygen out of air. Cattle, dogs, cats, whales, people, and other mammals breathe through lungs. Birds and reptiles also breathe air through lungs.

Lungs cannot take air from water. Seals, whales, dolphins, and other mammals that live in water breathe through lungs. They can stay underwater a long time because they can hold their breath for a long time.

Sharks and other fish breathe through gills. Gills take oxygen out of water. Snails, slugs, clams, squids, octopuses, and other mollusks breathe through gills. Crabs, crayfishes, lobsters, and shrimp have gills. Gills cannot take oxygen out of air.

Some animals breathe through their skin. Insects have small holes in their bodies called spiracles. Air comes in through the holes. Oxygen from the air goes through tubes to all parts of an insect’s body.

Amphibians, animals that live on land and in water, can also breathe through their skin. Amphibians also may have lungs or gills or both.

Lion

What if you could yell to a friend who lived several miles away—and your friend could hear you? That is how loud a lion can roar! No wonder this mighty animal is called the king of beasts.

Lions are big cats. Along with tigers, lions are the world’s biggest and strongest cats. There are two kinds of lions, African and Asian lions. Lions live on grassy plains, savannas, and dry woodlands in Africa and India. They do not like to live in jungles and thick forests.

MASSIVE BODIES

Lions have huge shoulders, strong front legs, and powerful jaws. Their paws have long, sharp claws. To keep its claws sharp, a lion draws them in when not in use.

Male lions are large and powerful. They weigh from 330 to 550 pounds (150 to 250 kilograms) and stand about 4 feet (about 1.2 meters) tall at the shoulder. Female lions are smaller than males.

FUR AND MANE

The fur of grown-up lions can be light tan to reddish-brown. Lions have darker fur on the backs of their ears. Their tails have a tuft of darker fur on the end.

Male lions grow a kind of fur collar called a mane. The mane grows around their head, neck, and shoulders. The mane becomes darker and fuller as the lion gets older. It makes a lion appear larger and fiercer to opponents.

Cubs, or baby lions, have fur dotted with many spots. The spots help them hide from enemies in brush and clumps of grass. The spots fade as the cubs grow up.

WHAT IS A PRIDE?

Lions live in groups called prides. There are as many as 35 males, females, and cubs in a pride. All the females in a pride are related. The females in the pride hunt together and care for cubs together.

The males in a pride are not always related. Males join a female pride to mate and produce cubs. Males do not help care for cubs. Males patrol their territory. They try to keep rival males away from their pride.

When female cubs grow up they stay with the pride. Males must leave the pride.

HUNTING AND EATING

Female lions do most of the hunting. Lions like to hunt at night. They hunt alone or in groups. A lion alone often hunts smaller prey such as hares or warthogs. The lion slowly and silently stalks the animal. If the prey sees the lion and runs, the lion usually gives up. When the lion gets close enough, it suddenly runs for the prey. It grabs the animal with its teeth and claws, pulls it to the ground, and kills it.

Groups of lions hunt large prey, such as buffalo, zebras, and even giraffes. A group of lions may surround an animal to trap it. Some lions may drive the animal toward waiting lions. Two or more lions grab and bring down the animal. Lions also steal prey killed by other animals, such as hyenas.

The pride eats together. Males eat first. Then the females eat. Cubs eat last.

A HARD LIFE

Lions do not have an easy life in the wild. They starve when they cannot find food. They get injured or killed while hunting or fighting with each other. They suffer from diseases.

Males have bloody fights. Younger males challenge older males for leadership of a pride. Sometimes they drive the older males away.

Females fight with the new males. The new males try to kill cubs that were fathered by the other males. Females are too small to fight male lions one on one. But the pride females may join together to save their cubs.

Male lions only live about 10 years in the wild. Females live a little longer. In zoos where they are cared for and cannot fight, lions may live as long as 25 years.

THREATS TO LIONS

Lions once roamed all over Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. People have hunted and killed lions since ancient times. They have also hunted the animals lions need for food. In many places, people have destroyed the areas where lions lived by building towns, roads, and farms.

There are about 100,000 lions left in the world. Only a few hundred Asian lions live in India. Most lions live on game reserves in Africa. Thousands of lions also live in zoos and circuses around the world.

关于一篇 Animais 的英语作文

帮你找了一篇Animal的文章，下面还有一篇lion的文章：

Animal

Animals live everywhere. They roam the land. They burrow in the ground. They swim in the sea. They fly through the air. They creep, they leap, they soar, and they dive. A very few—including corals and barnacles—stay in one place.

Animals come in all sizes. The biggest animals are whales, which can be 100 feet (30 meters) long. The smallest animals can only be seen through a microscope.

Zoologists (scientists who study animals) have found more than 2 million species (kinds) of animals. They think they have discovered only a small portion of all animals on Earth.

Several things make animals different from other living things. Unlike plants, animals cannot make their own food. Animals eat other living things—plants and other animals—to get energy. Animal bodies are made up of more than one cell, unlike bacteria and other life forms with only one cell. Cells are the building blocks of living things. Animals also have senses, such as eyes or ears, that tell them what is going on around them.

WHAT KINDS OF ANIMALS ARE THERE?

Zoologists divide animals into about 30 groups. First, they divide them by whether they have a backbone. Animals that have a backbone are called vertebrates. Animals that do not have a backbone are called invertebrates.

The biggest and best-known animals are vertebrates. Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish are vertebrates. You are a vertebrate. Your backbone is also called your spine. There are about 40,000 species of vertebrates.

There are far more species of invertebrates. Even though you can probably think of many vertebrates, the many kinds of invertebrates greatly outnumber vertebrates. Almost all invertebrates are small animals. Insects, spiders, mollusks, and worms are all invertebrates. The biggest invertebrate is the giant squid. It can be up to 60 feet (18 meters) long.

COLD-BLOODED AND WARM-BLOODED ANIMALS

Zoologists divide vertebrates into two types, cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals. The body of a cold-blooded animal is the same temperature as the air or water around it. A cold-blooded animal has to stay in the sun to get warm. It must find shade to cool off. Reptiles, amphibians, and fish are cold-blooded.

The body of a warm-blooded animal stays about the same temperature all the time. Warm-blooded animals use food energy to stay warm. Some warm-blooded animals can sweat to cool off. Birds and mammals are warm-blooded.

You are warm-blooded. The normal temperature of your body stays at about 98.6° Fahrenheit (37.0° Celsius). When it is hot outside, you feel hot. You might sweat or look for an air-conditioned place. But your body temperature does not change. When it is cold outside, you feel cold. You might put on a coat or go indoors. But your body temperature does not change much.

PLANT EATERS AND MEAT EATERS

All animals eat plants, other animals, or the remains of dead animals. Animals that only eat plants are called herbivores. They eat seeds, nuts, grasses, stems, or flowers. Some mammals, such as cows, are plant eaters. Some insects, such as termites, only eat plants. Bees, moths, and butterflies suck nectar from flowers.

Animals that only eat meat are called carnivores. The meat can be from other living animals or animals that have died. Many meat eaters hunt the animals that they eat. Sharks go after smaller fish. Lions and wolves hunt deer and other mammals. Owls swoop down on rabbits, squirrels, rats, and mice. Some frogs and lizards zap insects with their sticky tongues. Hyenas and vultures mainly eat animals that are already dead.

Animals that commonly eat both animals and plants are called omnivores. Bears and opossums are omnivores. Humans are omnivores. They eat fruit, vegetables, fish, chicken, and steak.

HOW ANIMALS BREATHE

All animals must breathe oxygen to stay alive. They must breathe out a waste gas called carbon dioxide.

Some animals breathe through lungs. Lungs take oxygen out of air. Cattle, dogs, cats, whales, people, and other mammals breathe through lungs. Birds and reptiles also breathe air through lungs.

Lungs cannot take air from water. Seals, whales, dolphins, and other mammals that live in water breathe through lungs. They can stay underwater a long time because they can hold their breath for a long time.

Sharks and other fish breathe through gills. Gills take oxygen out of water. Snails, slugs, clams, squids, octopuses, and other mollusks breathe through gills. Crabs, crayfishes, lobsters, and shrimp have gills. Gills cannot take oxygen out of air.

Some animals breathe through their skin. Insects have small holes in their bodies called spiracles. Air comes in through the holes. Oxygen from the air goes through tubes to all parts of an insect’s body.

Amphibians, animals that live on land and in water, can also breathe through their skin. Amphibians also may have lungs or gills or both.

Lion

What if you could yell to a friend who lived several miles away—and your friend could hear you? That is how loud a lion can roar! No wonder this mighty animal is called the king of beasts.

Lions are big cats. Along with tigers, lions are the world’s biggest and strongest cats. There are two kinds of lions, African and Asian lions. Lions live on grassy plains, savannas, and dry woodlands in Africa and India. They do not like to live in jungles and thick forests.

MASSIVE BODIES

Lions have huge shoulders, strong front legs, and powerful jaws. Their paws have long, sharp claws. To keep its claws sharp, a lion draws them in when not in use.

Male lions are large and powerful. They weigh from 330 to 550 pounds (150 to 250 kilograms) and stand about 4 feet (about 1.2 meters) tall at the shoulder. Female lions are smaller than males.

FUR AND MANE

The fur of grown-up lions can be light tan to reddish-brown. Lions have darker fur on the backs of their ears. Their tails have a tuft of darker fur on the end.

Male lions grow a kind of fur collar called a mane. The mane grows around their head, neck, and shoulders. The mane becomes darker and fuller as the lion gets older. It makes a lion appear larger and fiercer to opponents.

Cubs, or baby lions, have fur dotted with many spots. The spots help them hide from enemies in brush and clumps of grass. The spots fade as the cubs grow up.

WHAT IS A PRIDE?

Lions live in groups called prides. There are as many as 35 males, females, and cubs in a pride. All the females in a pride are related. The females in the pride hunt together and care for cubs together.

The males in a pride are not always related. Males join a female pride to mate and produce cubs. Males do not help care for cubs. Males patrol their territory. They try to keep rival males away from their pride.

When female cubs grow up they stay with the pride. Males must leave the pride.

HUNTING AND EATING

Female lions do most of the hunting. Lions like to hunt at night. They hunt alone or in groups. A lion alone often hunts smaller prey such as hares or warthogs. The lion slowly and silently stalks the animal. If the prey sees the lion and runs, the lion usually gives up. When the lion gets close enough, it suddenly runs for the prey. It grabs the animal with its teeth and claws, pulls it to the ground, and kills it.

Groups of lions hunt large prey, such as buffalo, zebras, and even giraffes. A group of lions may surround an animal to trap it. Some lions may drive the animal toward waiting lions. Two or more lions grab and bring down the animal. Lions also steal prey killed by other animals, such as hyenas.

The pride eats together. Males eat first. Then the females eat. Cubs eat last.

A HARD LIFE

Lions do not have an easy life in the wild. They starve when they cannot find food. They get injured or killed while hunting or fighting with each other. They suffer from diseases.

Males have bloody fights. Younger males challenge older males for leadership of a pride. Sometimes they drive the older males away.

Females fight with the new males. The new males try to kill cubs that were fathered by the other males. Females are too small to fight male lions one on one. But the pride females may join together to save their cubs.

Male lions only live about 10 years in the wild. Females live a little longer. In zoos where they are cared for and cannot fight, lions may live as long as 25 years.

THREATS TO LIONS

Lions once roamed all over Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. People have hunted and killed lions since ancient times. They have also hunted the animals lions need for food. In many places, people have destroyed the areas where lions lived by building towns, roads, and farms.

There are about 100,000 lions left in the world. Only a few hundred Asian lions live in India. Most lions live on game reserves in Africa. Thousands of lions also live in zoos and circuses around the world.

初三英语语法时态结构

Summary of This Term

Ⅰ Words:

⒈Nouns:

bookmark(书签) librarian(图书管理员) credit([U] 信用) hobby(爱好，复数形式为hobbies) know-all([英英] 自以为无所不知的人) know-it-all(know-all的美式说法) water sports(水上运动) super swimmer(指很厉害的游泳运动员) water-skiing([U] 滑水) canoe(独木舟，复数形式为canoes) canoeing([U] 指划独木舟这项运动) canoeist(划独木舟的选手) diving([U] 跳水) diver(跳水运动员) surfing([U] 冲浪运动) surfer(冲浪运动员) surfboard(冲浪板) surf shop(冲浪用具专卖店) serious surfer(正式冲浪运动员) the mainland(大陆，一般指中国大陆) channel(海峡) journey(艰难的旅程，trip指的是快乐的旅程，复数形式为journeys) headline(报纸的首行) sight(风景) tourist(旅游者) tour bus(旅游车) guide(向导，导游) senator(参议员) representative(代表) senate(参议院) congress(代表大会 [美] 国会，议会) nation(国家) monument(纪念碑) slave(奴隶) memorial(纪念馆) cemetery(墓地，复数形式为cemeteries) hero(英雄，复数形式为heroes) hall(大厅) Monument to the People’s Heroes([中] 人民英雄纪念碑) National People’s Congress(人民代表大会) rule(规则) leader(领导者) imagination([U] 想象力) vehicle(交通工具) kimono(和服，日本传统服装，复数形式为kimonos) the environment([U] 环境) litter(杂物) rubbish([U] 垃圾，为英国英语) dustbin(垃圾桶，为英国英语) battery(电池，复数为batteries) neighborhood(社区，街坊) environmental protection organization(环境保护组织) car(车厢) sleeping car(卧铺车厢) rail(铁轨) nightclub(夜总会) scenery([U] 景色) astronomer(天文学家) astronomy(天文学) heavenly body(天体) style(风格) shape(形状) Mercury(水星) Venus(金星) Earth(地球) Mars(火星) Jupiter(木星) Saturn(土星) Uranus(天王星) Neptune(海王星) Pluto(冥王星) a place of interest(名胜) brochure(小册子) instruction(指示) single / double room(单人/双人房间) icon(图标) tomb(坟墓) edge(边缘) rim(边缘) scuba(水肺，水中的呼吸器) coral reef(珊瑚) metal(金属) silver([U] 银) aluminum([U] 铝) platinum([U] 铂金) steel([U] 钢) nonmetal(非金属) wool([U] 羊毛) cotton([U] 棉) fleece([U] 羊毛) bracelet(手镯) jewelry([U] 珠宝) aircraft(飞行器，复数形式为aircraft) window frame(窗的框架) industry(工业) stream(小溪) particle(微粒) shark(鲨鱼) ginkgo(银杏树，复数形式为ginkgoes) watchtower(了望塔) explorer(探险家) society(社会) fable(寓言) bone(骨头) one’s own reflection(某人自己的倒影) inventor(发明家) light bulb(电灯泡) safety(安全的地方) raft(救生艇) spirit([U] 精神) bicycling(骑自行车) skyscraper(摩天大楼) harbor(港口) ferry(渡船) musical(音乐剧) customs (office)(海关) terrorist(恐怖分子) chemical weapon(化学武器) explosives(爆炸物，炸药，常以复数形式出现) explosion(爆炸) poppy(罂粟) drug trafficker(贩毒者) barn(马厩) decoration(装饰品) generosity([U] 慷慨) Savior(救世主) shepherd(牧羊人) cereal([U] 谷类食品) toast([U] 土司面包，单位名称为piece) cornflakes(玉米片) toaster(烤土司面包的机器) jelly([U] 果冻) rye([U] 黑麦) pancake(薄烤饼) syrup([U] 果汁) bacon([U] 咸肉) sausage(香肠) grapefruit(柚子) herb([U] 香草) balance([U] 平衡) nutritionist(营养学家) nutrition(营养学) dairy([U] 乳制品) grain([U] 谷物) fiber([U] 纤维) protein([U] 蛋白质) junk food(垃圾食品) preservative(防腐剂) mood(脾气，常以复数形式出现，即moods) polyester([U] 聚酯) nylon([U] 尼龙) cotton([U] 棉) leather([U] 皮革) fur([U] 皮毛) mink([U] 貂皮) writing brush(毛笔) bamboo([U] 竹子) Chinese character(汉字) disappearance(消失) earth([U] 泥土) audience([U] 观众，听众，代表一个群体，不能说an audience，要说one of the audience ) notice(告示) rule(规则) modem(调制解调器) the global village(地球村) increase([C] [U] 增长，重音在in上，即｀increase) decrease([C] [U] 减少，重音在de上，即｀decrease) challenge(挑战) diagram(图表) fisherman(渔民，复数形式为fishermen，读音相同) container(集装箱) port(港口) fishing boat(渔船) fishing net(渔网) hemisphere(半球) rival(竞争对手，注意，课本中为rivel，这是打印错误) Scandinavian(斯堪的纳维亚人，即北欧一带的人，包括挪威，瑞典，丹麦，冰岛，芬兰) sturgeon(鲟) caviar([U] 鱼子酱) liar(撒谎的人) ad(advertisement，广告) playmate(玩伴) education([U] 教育，学业) vet(兽医) earthquake(地震) pearl(珍珠) revolution(革命) the War of Independence(独立战争) section(部分) dome(圆屋顶) common(公共草地) pond(池塘) granite([U] 花岗岩) column(圆柱) battle(战役) performance([U] 表现) goal(球门) goalkeeper(守门员) striker(前锋) defender(后卫) midfielder(中锋) captain(队长) coach(教练) the first half(上半场) teamwork(齐心协力) check-out(收银处) description(描述) pouch(育儿袋) ostrich(鸵鸟) robber(抢劫者) robbery(抢劫案) victim(受害者) pickpocket(扒手) theft(盗窃案) detective(侦探) inspector(探长) criminal(罪犯) excuse(借口) witness(目击证人) crime(犯罪) height(高度) climber(登山者) profession(职业(运动)) mountaineer(专业登山运动员) mist([U] 薄雾) range(山脉) cliff(峭壁) alpenstock(登山杖) tent(帐篷) cylinder(圆筒) self-respect([U] 自尊) routine(常规) airline(航空公司) closet(衣橱) furniture([U] 家具，为不可数名词，量词要用a piece of furniture) farming([U] 农业) seed([C] [U] 种子) plow(犁) tractor(拖拉机) cultivator(播种机) swather(打谷机) threshing machine(联合收割机) mule(骡子) poultry(家禽) population(种类，相当于variety) entertainment([U] 娱乐圈) lyric(抒情诗) shore(岸，海滨) seashore(海岸，海滨) shell(贝壳) pebble(鹅卵石) dune(沙丘) lithograph(平版画) district(地区) institute(协会) goods(货物，商品，无单数形式) zone(地域，地区) a work of art(艺术品，复数形式为works of art) basketball court(篮球场地) golf court(高尔夫球场地) borough(自治区) commodity([U] 小商品，日用品) wholesaler(批发商) weeping willow(垂柳) neon light(霓虹灯) zoologist(动物学家) zoology(动物学) tail(尾巴) emotion([C] 情绪，情感) anger([U] [情感] 愤怒，生气) joy([C] [情感] 快乐，高兴) grief([U] [情感] 悲伤) excitement([U] [情感] 激动) handrail(把手) vine(藤) branch(树枝) boa (constrictor)(蟒蛇) ceiling(天花板) purpose(目的) Paradise(天堂) Christian(基督教徒) silence([U] 沉默，沉静) heavy industry(重工业) light industry(轻工业) ownership(所有权) share = stock(份额，股份) stock exchange(证券交易所) stockholder(股东) index(指数) stockbroker(股票经纪人，帮别人炒股的人) record(重音顺序为`--，纪录) oyster(牡蛎) producer(生产商) corporation(公司) tax(税，税款) petrochemical(石油化工产品) income(收入) appliance([U] 家电) manufacturing industry(制造产业) hurricane(飓风，狂风) balcony(阳台，复数形式为balconies) iron([U] 铁) courtyard(庭院，院子) jazz([U] 爵士乐) saxophone(萨克斯) plantation(种植园) sugar cane([U] 甘蔗) orchard(果园) attic(阁楼，顶楼) basement(地下室) tornado(旋风，龙卷风，复数形式为tornados) lawn(草坪) (lawn)mower(剪草机) weed([U] 野草) hoe(锄头) suburb(市郊，郊区) valley(山谷) ages(＝a long time，一段比较长的时间) jaw(颚) the upper/lower jaw(上/下颚) paw(爪子) roar(吼叫) settler(移民者) native(本地人) tribe(部落) chief(酋长，复数形式为chiefs) fighter(战士) taboo(宗教禁忌) culture(文化，文明) enemy(敌人) anthropologist(人类学家) anthropology( 人类学) calorie(卡路里，能量的单位名称，复数形式为calories) content(含量) nutrient(营养物质) protein([U] 蛋白质) vitamin([U] 维生素) milligram(毫克) avocado(鳄梨，复数形式为avocadoes或avocados) oven(烤炉，烤箱) feast(筵席)

⒉Adjectives:

several(几个) so-called(所谓的) full-time(全部时间的，专任的) part-time(兼职的，部分时间的) national(国家的) recycling(可循环的) enjoyable(令人愉快的) lively(活跃的) underdressed(衣着不正式) overdressed(衣着过于正式) photographic(照相的) tiny(细小的) alike(相似的) private(私人的) undersea(海底的) greedy(贪婪的) frustrated(失败的) traditional(传统的) kind-hearted(热心的) generous(慷慨的) imaginary(想象的，假想的) scrambled(油炸的) boiled(沸腾的) poached(水煮的) artificial(人工的) moody(喜怒无常的) bad-tempered(脾气不好的) ordinary(普通的) digital(数字的，数码的) fragile(易碎的) northern(北方的) southern(南方的) western(西部的) eastern(东部的) crowded(拥挤的) secondhand(二手的) average(普通的) harmless(无害的) lonely(孤独的，寂寞的) rewarding(有益的，值得的) smelly(发臭的) painful(疼痛的) modern(现代化的) cultural(文化的) historical(历史的) gold-covered(被金覆盖住的) amazing(令人惊异的) confident(自信的) rough(粗野的) scared(害怕的) misty(薄雾笼罩的) steep(陡峭的) alive(活着的) essential(必不可少的) gentle(平缓的，指山坡不陡峭) shiny(发亮的，发光的) wild(野生的) ancient(古代的) hybrid(杂交的) tame(驯服的) fine(极好的，相当于excellent) fascinating(着迷的) learned(有学问的，学术上的) giant(巨大的) European(欧洲式的) cultural(文化的) changeable(可改变的) powerful(强大的，有力的) timid(胆小的) forbidden(禁止的) sacred(神圣的) certain(一定(量)的) roast(烤制的) subtropical(亚热带的) wroth(值得…)

⒊Adverbs:

probably(很可能，大概地) hardly(几乎不…) absolutely(绝对地) thus(这样，如此) mostly(主要地，大部分) fairly(相当地，后面加的是褒义词) rather(相当地，后面加的是贬义词) differently(不同地) recently(最近，相当于not long ago) way(远远地) someday(某一天) properly(正常地) unfortunately(不幸地)

⒋Verbs:

renew(更新，续借) encourage(鼓励，encouraged，encouraged) canoe(划独木舟，canoed，canoed) dive(跳水，dived，dived) surf(冲浪) describe(形容，described，described) free(解放，freed，freed) bury(埋葬，buried，buried) imagine(想象，imagined，imagined) harm(损害) spit(吐(痰)，spat，spat) collect(搜集) support(支持) bowl(打保龄球) book(预订) mine(开采) mount(镶嵌) tarnish(失去光泽) replace(代替) float(漂浮) attack(攻击) explore(探索) appear(出现) bark(吠叫) frighten(吓唬) graduate(毕业，完成学业) picnic(野餐，注意，picnic的现在分词是picnicking) sniff(用力吸，用力嗅) decorate(装饰) overeat(吃过量，overate，overeaten) suggest(提示，提醒) affect(影响) disappear(消失) appear(出现) explain(解释) dig(挖，dug，dug) obey(遵守) prevent(预防) launch(发射(火箭)) provide(提供，provided，provided) increase(增长，重音在crease上面，即in｀crease) decrease(减少，重音在crease上面，即de｀crease) multiply(乘以…) prefer(更愿意做某事，过去式为preferred) freeze(冷冻，froze，frozen) defrost(解冻) fillet(把(鱼、肉)切成片) worry(撕咬) lie(撒谎，lied，lied) tell(分辨) wag(摇摆，wagging，wagged，wagged) treat(治疗) heal(治愈) rock(摇动) mark(标志) shoot(射，shot，shot) kick(踢) score(得分) beat(打败，beat，beaten) expect(期望) spill(溅出，spilt，spilt) describe(形容，described, described) rob(抢劫，robbed, robbed) measure(丈量，测量，measured, measured) escape(逃跑，逃脱，escaped, escaped) trap(陷入困境，trapped, trapped) bang(猛击) ride(搭乘) curl((使)卷曲) farm(耕种，干农活) sow(播种，sowed，sown) plow(耕田) cultivate(耕种) supply(提供，supplied，supplied) reap(收割) thresh(打谷) combine(联合) breed(繁殖，bred，bred) accompany(陪伴) bend(弯曲，bent，bent) fascinate(使…着迷，fascinated，fascinated) behave(举动，举止，behaved，behaved) hibernate(冬眠，hibernated，hibernated) weep(哭泣，wept，wept) mourn(哀悼) raise(募集，raised，raised) rebuild(重建) record(重音顺序为-`-，记录) earn(赚，挣) merge(合并，merged，merged) manufacture(制造，加工) raise(＝plant，种植) mow(剪草) weed(除草) recognize(认出) save(存款) nibble(一点一点地咬) roar(吼叫) squeak(吱吱叫，形容老鼠的叫声) squeeze(挤) beg(乞求，乞讨，begged, begged) punish(惩罚) roast(烘烤) stuff(填充)

⒌Places:

Hawaii(夏威夷) Honolulu(火奴鲁鲁，夏威夷州首府) Waikiki(怀基基海滩) Bondi Beach(邦戴海滩) Newquay Cape Town the Capitol Building(国会大厦) the House of Representatives(下议院) the Supreme Court(最高法院) the White House(白宫) the Great Hall of the People(人民大会堂) Statue of Liberty(自由女神像) the Empire State Building(纽约国会大厦，Empire State是纽约州的nickname) Broadway(百老汇) the Wall Street(美国华尔街) the Gobi Desert(戈壁沙漠) Nepal(尼泊尔) (the island of) Cyprus(塞浦路斯岛) Amsterdam(阿姆斯特丹，荷兰首都) Holland(荷兰) Belgium(比利时) Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯) United Arab Emirates(阿拉伯联合酋长国，简称阿联酋，缩写为UAE) Nigeria(尼日利亚) Brussels(布鲁塞尔，比利时首都) Louisiana(路易斯安那州)

⒍Prepositions:

per(每一) besides(除了) against(对抗) around(＝about，大约)

⒎Conjunctions:

whether(是否) however(然而)

Ⅱ Phrases:

on different subjects(关于不同的科目) encourage sb. to do(鼓励某人做某事) come up with(提出，想出) ride waves(在浪之间穿梭) live to(为…而生的) come across sb. / sth. (遇到某人或某事) so far(迄今为止) come true(实现，变成现实) together with(和) slow down(降低速度) the pride of(…的骄傲) speak highly of(称赞) take a tour of(做一次旅行) take … around(带领…转一圈) vote on(表决) a copy of(一份) such (a/an) + adj. +n. reach up into the sky(直插云霄) vote for(投票支持) vote against(投票反对) so many books = such a lot of books so much trouble = such a lot of trouble do well/badly in(在某方面做得好/不好) make a contribution to doing/sth.(对…有贡献) come out(照片冲洗出来) offer sth. to(提供…) an expert on(某方面的专家) an interview with sb.(对某人的一次采访) in just the right place(恰好在正确的位置上) search the Internet(在网上搜索资料) one’s stay at(某人在某处的经历) in the old days(在以前) for one thing(首先) feed on(以…为食) come in different sizes / shapes…(不同的大小/形状) warn sb. about(警告某人) be amazed at(着迷于…) make it possible by doing(因为做了某事而使另一件事实现) draw a moral(讲出寓意) grab … away(把…抢走) turn … down / up(把…关小 / 开大) at the age of(在…岁时) be able to(能够) during one’s lifetime(在某人的一生中) get sb. to do(让某人做某事) try out(试验，尝试) have nothing to do with(和…没有关系) give sb. a new start in life(给某人生命中一个新的开始) be thankful to sb. for sth. / doing sth.(对某人很感激) think much of(重视，尊重) make it(达到目标) have confidence in(对…有信心) stop for (sth.)(为停下来吃/喝) stand out(突出，显眼) the heart of(…的中心) be trained to do(被训练做某事) sniff at(嗅，闻…) sniff out sth.(发现，寻找) get through the Costumes(通过海关) take drugs(吸毒) the arrival of = the coming of put up(挂起) decorate … with …(用…装饰…) go from (house) to (house) doing(从(一间房子)走到(另一间房子)，一边走一边做某事) be based on(以…为依据) be to do(将要做某事) go by = go past = pass(经过…旁边 ) the diet of …(…的饮食) start … with(以…开始) finish … with(以…结束) lose one’s balance(失去平衡) keep one’s balance(保持平衡) be high in …(在…中含量很高) be low in …(在…中含量很低) cut out(停止，放弃) cut down on(减少) be made of …(由…制成，一般肉眼可以直接看出) be made from …(由…制成，一般肉眼不能直接看出) tell the time(显示时间) be used as …(被当作…使用) be on display(在展览的) be covered with feathers(被羽毛覆盖) long before(很早以前) so that(为的是) a notice to …(给…的告示) more or less(或多或少) prevent … from(预防) because of = thanks to(因为，后面加名词或短语) put … together(装配) have a good knowledge of …(在…方面有很多知识) set one’s mind to do(下决心做某事) prefer to do … rather than do …(宁愿…，也不愿…) be worth …(价值…) far away from …(离…很远) a flock of sheep(一群羊，注意，量词用的是flock) come (running) to do sth.((跑步)过来做某事) cry wolf(谎报军情) tell lies(撒谎) be excited about(为…而激动) be worn out(穿旧了) have to = have got to(不得不) buy sth. online(在线购买某物) live out in the country(住在乡村) an ad for …(一则…的广告) make a decision(做一个决定) have sth. done = ask sb. else to do sth. for you regard … as …(把…看作…) keep a pet(饲养宠物) be grateful to sb. for doing sth.(对某人做的某事而感激) make up one’s mind to do(下决心做某事) have some experience in doing sth.(在做某事上有经验) before long = soon after get an injection(打针) give sb. an injection(给某人打针) as if(好像) be busy with(忙于…) be just in time to do(恰好及时做了某事) belong to(属于) at the time of(在…时候) be home to(成为…的家) the battle of(…战役) the very best of(最好的…) be pleased with(对…感到高兴) carry on doing sth.(持续做某事) kick a goal(射门并进球) make a successful shot(进球) A beat B = B lose to A from start to finish(从开始到结束) make the score 1-0(把比分改写成1-0) expect (sb.) to do sth.(希望(某人)做某事) spill … over / on(…溅到…) from now on(从现在起) match one’s description(与某人的形容地一样) run away with(带着…逃跑) break into(破门而入) the victim of(…的受害者) steal sth. from sb.(从某人处偷得某物) one’s excuse for (not) doing(借口(不)干某事) a witness to(…的目击证人) give a description(描述，形容) be known to sb.(被某人知道) keep sb. alive(使某人存活下来) go after(追逐) meet sb. halfway(在半路上遇见某人) fall short of(不足，缺乏) be in charge of(负责…) be happy in one’s career(从事某项职业很快乐) more or less = or so(大约，差不多，要加在修饰的词后面) give sb. a ride(让某人搭乘) go to sales(去买打折商品) put sb. up(借宿) be / get used to doing(习惯于做某事，后面加的是doing，不是do) make a reservation for / of sth.(预约某物) in place of = instead of(代替，in place of的用法于instead of的用法类似) suggest (to sb.宾格) sb.主格 should do sth.(建议某人做某事，注意，这里介词用的是to) give sb. a helping hand with sth. / in doing(帮助某人) hear of(听到…消息) B.C. = before Christ(公元前) supply sth. to sb. = supply sb. with sth.(给某人提供某物) cross … with …(把…与…杂交) across between … with …(…与…的杂交品种) be known for(因为…而被知道) take a trip to(做一次旅行) back and forth(来回地) find sb./sth. + adj.(发现…很…，如find her fascinating) keep … away(防范…) live off(靠…生活) stand on(靠…站立) a second/third/fourth … leg = another leg(另一条腿) hold on to(紧抓住) hang (from …) by …(靠…挂(在…)) weep for(为…而流泪) mourn for sb.(哀悼某人) the loss/death of sb.(某人的死) call … for short(简称) on record(纪录上) get a loan(贷款) a producer of sth. = a sth. producer(某产品的生产商) earn money by doing = make money from sth.(靠…赚钱) make up(组成) earn one’s living (by doing)((靠…)生活) in town(在城市中) way(adv.) out of town(离城市很远) the heart of(…的中心) keep one’s (European) feeling(保持(欧洲式的)风格) stop for sth. to eat/drink(停下来吃/喝点东西) keep sth. as they were more than 100 years ago(保持它们100多年前的样子) much too + adj.(太…，一般是指不好的，如much too expensive) in some way(s)(在某些方面) nibble (on/at) sth.(在某物上一点一点地咬) beg to do sth.(乞求做某事) teach sb. a lesson(给某人一个教训) look down on(轻视，蔑视) draw a lesson (from …)((从…)得到一个教训) believe in(信仰) a sort of(一种…) catch disease() an increase(n.) in …(…方面的增长) a decrease(n.) in …(…方面的下降) have something to do with(与…有联系) have a high fat content(有很高的脂肪含量) put sth. inside a turkey(把某物放进一只火鸡里面) stuff a turkey with(用…填充火鸡) a herd of camel(一群骆驼，注意，量词是herd，而不是flock) prepare dinner = get the dinner ready(准备晚饭) prepare for dinner = get ready for dinner(准备吃晚饭，注意与前面两个词组的区别)

Ⅲ Patterns and expressions:

Ø Have you got any friends from abroad?

Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.

(这里需注意，have got = have，但是助动词不一样，have got用have，have用do)

Ø Have you ever learned this pattern?

Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t.

(这是一种典型的现在完成时态)

Ø Grandma lost the book and can’t find it. What was worse, she lost more books.(what was worse放在句中，起到承上启下的作用，表示一种更坏的情况)

Ø Once you start, it’s hard to stop.(once的意思为“一旦”)

Ø Hawaii is famous for the beach for water sports, especially surfing, it attracts lots of people to the island.(… be famous for…, especially…, … attract to…是一个非常常用的句式)

Ø

"人物介绍"英语怎么说

（一）

The

man

in

the

picture

Look

at

the

picture!

There

is

an

old

man

in

the

picture.

His

head

is

bald.

Look

at

his

eyes,

they

are

fishlike,

(应加上连词and)

they

are

so

big.

I

think

his

nose

is

high-bridged,

but

it

is

not

hooked.

His

face

is

very

flabby.

And

he

has

a

big

mouth.

It’s

not

full.

He

wears

a

white

T-shirt,

(应加上and)

he

wears

conservative

(应用副词conservatively).

His

ears

look

very

small,

because

his

face

is

very

long

and

big.

He

wears

a

clean

white

T-shirt.

I

think

the

man

is

very

ugly.

How

about

you?

(二)

My

favorite

star

My

favorite

star

is

Zhang

Jie.

He

has

got

a

round

face

and

he

is

thin.

He

has

curly

hair

and

fringes.

His

hair

is

chestnut

and

his

eyes

are

small.

His

eyelid(应是eyelids)

are

doubled

and

his

eyelashes

are

long.

He

has

got

a

great

high

nose

bridge.

I

like

his

teeth

because

they’re

even.

His

back

is

straight

and

he

is

tall.

He

is

very

handsome

and

gorgeous.

His

dress

is

fashionable.

(三)

My

classmate

She

is

my

classmate.

Her

name

is

Xu

Bingyu.

Her

face

is

round

and

dimpled.

Her

hair

style

is

(应加上a)

ponytail,

and

her

hair

is

jet-black.

She

has

two

big

and

watery

eyes

and

long

eyelashes.

She

also

has

a

high-bridged

(加上nose)

and

two

small

ears.

Her

mouth

is

generous,

and

her

teeth

are

even.

She

has

a

round

chin

and

a

bull

neck.

Her

back

is

stiff.

She

is

kind

of

short

but

really

cute

and

pretty.

Her

dress

is

tidy

and

fashionable,

and

she

usually

wears

a

black

blouse.

Her

smile

is

sunny.

We

are

good

friends.

(四)

Myself

I

have

a

round

face.

And

when

I

watch

(应是look

in)

the

mirror,

I

can

see

a

pallid

face.

I

am

well-featured

but

I

have

some

pimple

(pimples).

I

don’t

have

any

dimple

(dimples).

My

haircut

is

a

crew

cut.

Sometimes

it’s

center

parting

and

sometimes

it’s

side

parting.

And

my

hair

is

jet-black.

I

have

two

big

eyes,

and

they

are

close-set.

And

I

have

double

eyelids.

And

I

even

have

long

eyelashs

(应是eyelashes).

My

nose

is

pointed.

I

have

a

pair

of

beautiful

ears,

and

I

have

a

big

mouth,

so

sometimes

I

am

very

big

mouth

(应为sometimes

I

am

a

very

big

mouth).

My

teeth

are

even

(maybe,

it’s

just

I

think),

and

the

color

are

blonde.

My

chin

is

round,

and

my

neck

is

a

little

long.

My

belly

is

flat

because

I

am

too

thin

though

I

eat

a

lot

of

things

(food更好)

every

day.

My

back

is

a

little

bended.

I

am

of

medium

height

and

I

am

very

thin.

My

classmates

say

that

I

am

very

cute

but

I

don’t

think

so.

My

dress

is

tidy

and

well-featured,

but

(没有转折关系，用and更好)

sometimes

it’s

very

fashionable!

（五）

My

favorite

star

Akiyama

Mio

is

my

favorite

star.

She

is

slim.

Her

hair

is

long

and

straight.

Sometimes

her

hair

style

is

(加上a)

bun.

Her

eyes

are

watery.

She

has

long

eyelashes.

Her

nose

is

pointed.

Her

smile

is

happy.

She

has

a

slender

neck.

But

usually

her

dress

is

conservative,

because

Mio

is

a

shy

girl.

Even

though,

many

people

shout

at

her

that

(应该为many

people

call

her)

“Miss

Akiyama”.

Her

legs

are

slender.

But

I

still

think

she

is

very

gorgeous.

(六)

My

classmate

Oh,

do

you

think

this

boy

is

really

ill-looking?

He

is

my

classmate

in

school.

His

name

is

Dai

Shunxin.

Do

you

think

his

face

just

likes

a

piece

of

square

and

white

paper?

He

looks

very

poor.

His

hair

is

matted

and

brown.

He

has

a

crew

cut.

His

eyes

aren’t

watery

at

all,

and

they’re

fishlike.

His

nose

is

also

ill-looking,

and

it’s

a

hooked

nose.

He

has

jagged

teeth

and

his

teeth

aren’t

very

clean.

He

is

bended,

so

he

looks

very

short.

He

is

ugly

but

he

usually

has

a

sunny

smile.

Though

he

is

really

ill-looking

and

everybody

usually

laughs

at

him,

he

studies

very

hard!

(七)

My

favorite

person

She

is

very

gorgeous

everywhere.

She

has

a

dimpled

face.

It’s

very

lovely,

well-featured.

And

her

hair

style

is

curly,

it’s

short

and

kind

of

chestnut.

Her

eyes

are

dewy.

Her

nose

is

short

but

beautiful.

Her

mouth

is

full,

and

there

are

even

teeth.

Her

back

is

stiff,

so

she

looks

like

a

(加上number)“threee”.

She

has

a

slim

figure,

so

she

is

good-looking.

Her

height

is

long

(身高应为tall)

but

not

too

tall.

She

always

wears

a

tidy

dress,

and

her

smile

is

friendly.

She

is

my

favorite

person—Baubuzhen

Lin.

（八）

My

best

friend

She

is

my

best

friend,

called

Wang

Linyutong.

Her

face

is

thin,

and

big

featured.

And

she

always

has

dimple

(应为dimples)

when

she

smiles.

Her

hair

style

is

short

and

straight.

And

she

has

fringes.

Her

hair

is

jet-black.

Her

eyes

are

watery.

She

has

a

small

mouth.

Her

teeth

are

capped.

She

looks

like

(去掉like)

pretty.

She

always

wears

well-dressed

(she

is

always

well-dressed).

She

is

so

beautiful.

She

is

my

best

friend,

Wang

Linyutong.

Do

you

like

her?